Transverse Vs Longitudinal | Engine Placement Explained

Engine placement might not appear something important but its layout plays a huge role in a car’s design. The placement mainly determines if the car will be rear or front-wheel drive. Let’s take a look at these two placements, what they are and how they affect a car and its dynamics.

Transverse Engine Placement

This engine placement can be described as the engine mounted in such a way that it is perpendicular to the direction of cars travel. The cylinders go from right to left while the travel is a straight line which makes it perpendicular to the direction of travel.

Transverse engines are usually used for front-wheel-drive cars. It connects directly to a transaxle which then is connected to the half shafts and CV joints completing the transmission by linking with the wheels. More on transaxles here.

Advantage

• This engine placement allows for more freedom as the automakers can keep the car length unchanged but still get more space on the inside. This allows for more boot space or even more passenger space.
• Transverse engine placement also puts most of the car’s weight on the front tires. This helps with improving the traction of tyres in a front-wheel-drive but it is likely to increase understeer.
• Due to being front-wheel driven, there are fewer drivetrain components which allow for better weight management making the car lighter. This also reduces manufacturing costs and this makes the car cheaper.
• Even the power transmission losses are lower in a vehicle with a transversely mounted engine.

Disadvantage

• The engine placement causes torque steer. As the engine is placed a bit towards the side, one of the driveshafts will be bigger than the other. This longer driveshaft will have lower torsional stiffness which means it will steer towards the side with the longer driveshaft. This problem is solved by using a hollow shaft and a solid shaft causing both shafts to have the same stiffness.
• The engine size is restricted heavily which in turn restricts the power output you get from the car. Too big of an engine simply won’t fit.

Onwards to longitudinal engine placement, the choice for high-performance cars.

Longitudinal Engine Placement

Mostly used in front-engine rear-wheel drive, the longitudinal engine has its cylinders in a front to back orientation making them parallel to the direction of the travel. These are usually used in high-performance cars due to multiple advantages they provide over transverse engines, which are mentioned below.

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Advantages

• This one is applicable for front-engine rear-wheel drive and rear-engine rear-wheel drive. The formerly stated configuration allows for really good front to rear weight distribution due to engine in the front and differential in the back. This is better for cars that need to make tight turns and is thus better than what transverse offers.
• They offer more power as the engine can be quite big and thus have more displacement.

Disadvantages

• Longitudinal engines take up more space thus reducing cabin space. Increasing cars length to counter this is not optimal as these engines are usually made for powerful cars which don’t need extra weight.
• They are less efficient than transverse because of the driven wheel being in the rear. This makes the rotational energy change direction which wastes energy.
• Due to more parts involved in the drivetrain, it makes the car heavy and costlier to manufacture.

Which Is Better?

This is another one of those ‘both are good in their own ways’ kind of answer. Transverse placement is certainly good for low to mid-range cars as they are more efficient and cheaper to make and don’t take up a lot of space. Longitudinal on the other hand offers better power due to having bigger engines and good handling because of their front to rear weight distribution ratio.

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They both certainly work well enough in what they excel and as such are still used and are still being improved upon.

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